ACTing against the fear of re-injury

Injured athletes commonly experience fear of re-injury when returning to sport. However, many clinicians lack coherent psychological strategies to support athletes’ throughout rehabilitation. Carl Bescoby explores how to identify, reframe, and ACT to overcome the fear of re-injury.

INTRODUCTION

An athletes’ vulnerability to re-injury concerns rehabilitation professionals. Kinesiophobia and fear of re-injury are common psychological factors that influence return to sport (RTS) outcomes^(1,2,3). Kinesiophobia is the irrational fear of movement, resulting in a vulnerability to re-injury and lower confidence and physical strength⁽⁴⁾. Furthermore, due to the complex interaction between physical and psychological variables, kinesiophobia is crucial when working with injured athletes. Therefore, identifying ways clinicians and athletes could reframe this fear and act against it from a psychological standpoint may improve physical functioning and facilitate successful RTS outcomes.

IDENTIFYING AND REFRAMING FEAR

Clinicians should identify fear of re-injury when managing injured athletes through rehabilitation. Athletes’ anxiety levels are likely to ebb and flow as they experience setbacks and achieve milestones. The greatest fear is expected in the acute stages and may reduce as rehabilitation progresses. However, as athletes move towards RTS, they will likely experience increased fear of re-injury (see figure 1).

Figure 1: Fear over time across stages of rehabilitation

When identifying fear, clinicians could utilize numerous psychometric tests -for example, the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ), Re-Injury Anxiety Inventory (RIAI), Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport Questionnaire (I-PRRS), and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport After Injury Inventory (ACL-RSI). These questionnaires raise athlete and clinician awareness to prevent chronic pain, minimize anxiety levels, and identify and address any RTS psychosocial barriers(see table 1).

Table 1: Psychological readiness questionnaires^(5,6,7,8).

	Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ)	Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport Questionnaire (I-PRRS)	Re-Injury Anxiety Inventory (RIAI)	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport After Injury Inventory (ACL-RSI)
Method of assessment	Self-report - Athletes rate ten statements regarding their thoughts and feelings on their injury on a scale of 1-5	Self-report -Athletes rate their confidence for exercise on a scale of 0-100	Self-report -Athletes report re-injury and RTS anxiety in 28 different statements	Self-report - Athletes rate their confidence, re-injury fear, anxiety, and emotions on a scale of 0-100
Use	Identifying fear avoidance behavior and preventing the development of chronic pain	Identifying confidence levels	Identifying levels of anxiety within rehabilitation and RTS	Identify thoughts and emotions associated with injury
Aim	To prevent chronic pain development and delayed RTS due to fear	To address and support areas of low confidence	To minimize anxiety levels and promote confidence	To address barriers to RTS following an ACL injury

Fear-avoidance beliefs can adversely influence functional levels in activities of daily living and sports⁽⁹⁾. The fear-avoidance model is frequently used to help explain how athletes cope with fear within an injury and rehabilitation context. The model describes how athletes may move towards confrontation – enabling recovery or moving away from confrontation – towards avoidance. In moving towards avoidance, athletes often experience pain catastrophizing which is a process of dwelling on the most extreme negative consequences. This leads to increased pain susceptibility, fear, avoidant behavior, and the inability to RTS. Furthermore, fear-avoidance increases athletes’ vulnerability to pain and re-injury, confirming their irrational beliefs and fears of movement. This cycle of rumination and magnification leads to athletes feeling helpless and hopeless when considering their RTS.

UNDERSTANDING FEAR-AVOIDANCE BELIEFS

Fear-avoidance beliefs can adversely influence functional levels in activities of daily living and sports⁽⁹⁾. The fear-avoidance model is frequently used to help explain how athletes cope with fear within an injury and rehabilitation context. The model describes how athletes may move towards confrontation – enabling recovery or moving away from confrontation – towards avoidance. In moving towards avoidance, athletes often experience pain catastrophizing which is a process of dwelling on the most extreme negative consequences. This leads to increased pain susceptibility, fear, avoidant behavior, and the inability to RTS. Furthermore, fear-avoidance increases athletes’ vulnerability to pain and re-injury, confirming their irrational beliefs and fears of movement. This cycle of rumination and magnification leads to athletes feeling helpless and hopeless when considering their RTS.

ACTING AGAINST FEAR OF RE-INJURY

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) may assist in the management of fear-avoidance beliefs and ultimately help athletes to RTS with less fear⁽⁹⁾. Acceptance and commitment therapy is a behavioral approach that utilizes acceptance and mindfulness techniques. The ACT therapy aims to improve awareness of symptoms (injury), accept suffering (associated pain experience), and ensure committed action (maintaining rehabilitation goals despite setbacks) towards what is essential in an athletes’ life (values)⁽¹⁰⁾.

Six core therapeutic processes are the base ACT therapy: contacting the present moment, defusion, acceptance, self-as-context, values, and committed action^(11,12,13). These therapeutic processes are not independent and should be considered interactive aspects that guide and reframe athletes’ fears associated with RTS⁽¹⁴⁾. Therefore, clinicians and athletes should utilize these aspects to act against fear during rehabilitation.

1. Accepting fear of re-injury

The pain experienced after an injury may influence thoughts, feelings, and fear-avoidance beliefs, leading to pain catastrophizing and the cycle of rumination and magnification, increasing pain and heightening fear of re-injury. Accepting the pain experience means that athletes become open to thoughts and emotions they may experience throughout rehabilitation. A willingness to share re-injury anxiety during rehabilitation is a fundamental step to overcoming fear-avoidance. Clinicians should create a safe environment where the athletes confront their fears and acknowledge the fear-avoidance actions that may influence behavior during rehabilitation (e.g., graded cutting movements or lateral hops following lateral ligament injury).

2. Discovering values

Values determine the direction an athlete wants to move in their life. They are deeper rooted than goals, not time-bound, and illustrate an individual’s character. The identification of individual values aids in developing a meaningful rehabilitation plan. Clinicians should identify an athlete’s values at the onset of the rehabilitation process. These values act as an internal compass to guide athletes through the highs and lows of rehabilitation and accept discomfort and fear.

Figure 2: Choice point exercise as a tool to work through fear avoidance⁽¹⁵⁾.

3. Enabling rehabilitation and RTS commitment

The development of positive, value-driven actions through rehabilitation is a choice (see figure 2). However, if ‘hooks’ and fear govern an athlete’s recovery, they will likely experience negative emotions and feelings throughout rehabilitation. Therefore, athletes must maintain a commitment to ‘helpers’ to ensure these values influence their behavior and ultimately enable a greater commitment to rehabilitation and RTS despite the negative experiences of fear.

CONCLUSION

Athletes may experience fear of re-injury at various stages throughout rehabilitation and RTS. Through identifying, reframing, and acknowledging this fear, clinicians could support athletes in understanding how this may influence their avoidant behaviors. Athletes could act against the fear of re-injury by accepting this fear and discovering values as a compass. Therefore, enabling a commitment to rehabilitation and RTS despite the presence of fear.

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