Ankle deep in the wrong diagnosis

Any number of pathologies produces lateral heel pain (see table 1). As Chris Mallac explains in the first installment of his master class on chronic ankle instability(CAI), lateral heel pain is often the result of repeated ankle sprain. Mallac goes on to describe how CAI can lead to sinus tarsi syndrome, causing lateral heel pain and rear foot instability (see figure 1). Alicia Filley further explains how some theorize that chronic ankle instability arises from undiagnosed peroneal dysfunction after an inversion injury. That dysfunction can occur in the form of tendinopathy, subluxation or dislocation, and splits or tears, all of which can produce lateral heel pain.
Table 1: Possible causes of lateral heel pain
Figure 1: Sinus tarsi anatomy

What about lateral heel pain that occurs without an inversion injury? It’s possible that the injury was so slight and inconsequential that the athlete may not remember it, yet it was enough to strain the peroneal muscles. Pain from peroneal strain can arise a day or so after the incident. If the load on the peroneals remains high, tendinopathy can develop.
Such was the presumed diagnosis of a 16-year-old male cross-country runner who presented to the clinic with a one-week history of right-sided lateral heel pain when running. His pain was vague, generally in the area under the lateral malleolus, and difficult to reproduce in the clinic with passive or active mobility, resistance, orthopedic tests, or running on a treadmill. He reported the pain improved with rest and then came back after running more than a mile with his track team. Afraid of hurting himself further, he stopped running as soon as he felt the discomfort.
The athlete was prescribed relative rest, modification of running program to run one to three minute intervals at a recovery pace on the treadmill within pain tolerance, and peroneal muscle resistance exercises. The patient returned two weeks later with no improvement of symptoms. In fact, he could no longer tolerate running short intervals and had stopped running altogether. He cross-trained on the stationary bike, which did not exacerbate his symptoms.
It took an outdoor run and plyometric workout with the physio to aggravate the problem enough for the athlete to pinpoint the location of his pain. When pushed beyond his initial discomfort threshold, the actual site of pain was further down the heel along the lateral border of the calcaneus. The athlete suffered not from peroneal tendinopathy, but from calcaneal apophysitis, also known as Sever’s disease.
Sever’s disease is an overuse injury common in adolescents. The injury occurs at the calcanea apophysis, which is both the site of the calcanea growth plate and the insertion of the Achilles tendon (see figure 2). It happens primarily in adolescents who experience rapid and sudden growth spurts, participate in year-round sports, experience a sudden increase in training load, or perform sports that require running and jumping. Achilles tightness, worn out shoes, hard surfaces, and a weak anterior tibialis may contribute to the problem. Other causative factors may include genu varum, high medial arch and forefoot varus, and over-pronation.
Figure 2: Achilles tendon attachment

Illustration of Achilles tendon, here called the calcaneal tendon, into the calcaneus.
Calcaneal apophysitis most often strikes adolescents between the ages of nine and 12. Symptoms are bilateral in 60% of cases(1). It occurs in boys more than girls. The mechanism of injury is micro trauma to the apophysis from the tension created as the leg bones grow more rapidly than the muscles. With continued sports participation, the vulnerable area becomes irritated and painful.
Physical exam reveals no evidence of trauma. The area of insertion may be painful to palpation, dorsiflexion stretch, or standing on tiptoes. The calcaneal squeeze test is diagnostic if positive (see figure 3). Treatment is symptomatic, aimed at decreasing pain and making the athlete more comfortable. It usually consists of rest, cross training, and load management to allow the athlete to train but remain below their pain threshold. The use of heel cups or lifts decreases tension on the tendon. Use complete immobilization if the pain is severe. Gentle Achilles stretching can stimulate lengthening the muscle but refrain from placing more tension on the calcaneus.
Figure 3: The calcaneal squeeze test

If pressure on either side of the Achilles at the attachment to the calcaneus elicits pain then the test is positive for Sever’s disease.
Sever’s disease usually resolves on its own, but may take six to 12 months. As the muscles lengthen the tension on the apophysis lessens. Injection therapy and surgical intervention is not recommended, despite the possible long recovery. Frustrated athletes may have to sit out a season. As in the case of the cross-country runner, time revealed all. He grew nearly two inches in the next six months. He missed not only his cross-country season but track as well. However, he continued to run within his pain tolerance on alternating days, used stationary bike workouts to build his endurance, and continued with his strengthening program. He also employed the use of heel cups for symptomatic relief. Although athletes may struggle with the down time out of sport, keeping up strength and endurance means they will come back ready for competition with healthier and bigger bodies.
Reference
- StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019-May 6
Related
in Email Newsletters, Improve
In any given year, nearly 80% of runners will report a running-related injury (RRI). Hip weakness and faulty kinematics are frequently implicated in injuries such as iliotibial band syndrome and medial tibial stress syndrome. However, without a high-tech running lab, clinicians have few resources to analyze running form. Therefore, a group of researchers from Montana... MORE
in Email Newsletters, Knee injuries
Anterior cruciate ligament injuries remain one of the most common sports injuries(1). While sports injury science has made strides toward understanding the causes of injury and prevention strategies, many young athletes still suffer from ACL tears and ruptures. In 2019, sports professionals from various disciplines gathered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to reach a consensus on the... MORE
in Email Newsletters, Knee injuries
Paper Title: A Secondary Injury Prevention Program May Decrease Contralateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes: 2-Year Injury Rates in the ACL-SPORTS Randomized Controlled Trial Publication: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.2020 Sep;50(9):523-530. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2020.9407. Publication Date: Epub 2020 Aug 1 INTRODUCTION: Rehab of athletes after ACL reconstruction surgery (ACL-r) often includes quad strengthening, plyometrics,... MORE
in Email Newsletters, Hip injuries
Gluteus medius (GMed)weakness gets blamed for all manner of lower extremity injuries. This broad muscle lies under the gluteus maximus, arises from the ilium’s posterior portion and spans from the iliac crest to the sciatic notch, and attaches on the greater trochanter of the femur. The muscle spreads out like a fan and has three... MORE
in Email Newsletters, Improve
There are two reasons why clinicians should consider rehabilitating athletes differently than other individuals. Firstly, athletes are already highly trained with muscular adaptations for their sport. Secondly, they desire to return to a level of performance beyond community-based activity. Therefore, they start with a baseline of strength beyond most individuals, and they need to return... MORE
in Email Newsletters, Knee injuries
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears remain one of the most common sports injuries. These injuries typically happen in young athletes dooming them to an 80% chance of developing osteoarthritis (OA) as soon as 10 years after the injury(1,2). Thus, ACL injuries can contribute to life-long disability, with nearly half of those injured never returning to... MORE